Beyond design considerations for natural hazards (e.g., floods, earthquakes, heat waves), economic disruptions, and social challenges, resilience is characterized by: 1. Social cohesion and networks – strong community ties, active local organizations, and inclusive participation in decision-making processes. 2. A safe and adaptable built environment – urban infrastructure (buildings, roads, utilities) designed to withstand hazards, along with diverse and affordable housing options and inclusive, democratic public spaces. 3. Healthy natural systems and green infrastructure – biodiversity, climate adaptation capacity, and pollution control. 4. Local economic vitality – a diverse local business sector, easy access to employment and training, and a degree of local economic self-reliance. 5. Accessible information and communication systems – especially for emergencies. 6. Health, safety, and access to healthcare – including clinics, pharmacies, and mental health support services. 7. Cultural identity and innovation – the ability to retain or create cultural expressions that reflect the place and time, fostering local innovation and contextual solutions.
